The ratio between the planet's mass and its host star's mass is well-constrained, but a large interval of uncertainty exists because the host star's mass is known within a large confidence interval that spans the mass of all red dwarf stars.
2.
As a result, when converting a continuous value that is close to the cutoff to a binary one, the resultant hCG as a continuous value, a urine pregnancy test that measured 52 mIU / ml of hCG may show as " positive " with 50 mIU / ml as cutoff, but is in fact in an interval of uncertainty, which may be apparent only by knowing the original continuous value.